我国高校社会实践体系的问题与对策

大学生社会实践体系建设是增强大学生实践能力的重要举措。文章从现状出发分析了高校社会实践体系存在的主要问题，包括对社会实践活动定位不准，资金使用不规范，相关制度不完善等。在此基础上，分别从高校和学生这两个社会实践体系主体的角度出发，提出完善高校社会实践体系的建议。包括高校优化人员结构，建立健全相关制度，提高高校硬件水平，加强合作。学生努力学习科学文化知识，提高自身科学文化素质。     

An integrated analysis of workers’ physically active activity and active travel choice behavior

Using Texas add-on sample data from the 2009 National Household Travel Survey, this study examines adult workers’ daily active choice decisions in the context of physical activity and attendant health benefits. The study looked at workers’ two choice behaviors: active activity and active travel. The first choice behavior, active activity, is developed as an ordered-response model based on the number of physically active recreational activities pursued during the workday. The second choice behavior, active travel, is developed as a binary-response model that examines workers’ active travel choices—whether or not the worker used any active mode of travel during the same workday. The study improves the understanding and knowledge of observed factors influencing workers’ physically active activity-travel behavior. The study also provides several observations regarding the role (and constraints) of employment in individuals’ active choices. Using a flexible copula modeling methodology, we explore the true correlation (or dependence) between the two behavior choices that could occur due to the presence of unobserved factors, suggesting a simultaneously low or simultaneously high propensity for being physically active across workers. The study findings suggest that transportation and public health policy makers can mutually benefit from encouraging workers to be physically active (from an activity and/or travel perspective). Overall, the study draws attention to the integrated nature of the public health and transportation fields, thereby providing a distinct view of active/inactive choice behavior. To our knowledge, this is the first study exploring a rich variety of components for workers’ active activity-travel behavior through a robust copula approach.     

Daily and seasonal variations of the partial pressure of CO2 in surface seawater along Belgian and southern Dutch coastal areas

The variations of the partial pressure of CO₂ (pCO₂) and related parameters were determined in surface seawater along the Belgian coast, from January 1995 to June 1996, at both daily and seasonal time scales. The distribution of pCO₂ in this area is regulated by river input from the Scheldt, biological activity and hydrodynamics. The contribution of each of these processes varies as a function of the considered time scale: (i) the daily variation of pCO₂ depends on the tide although modulated by the biological diel cycle; (ii) the seasonal variation of pCO₂ depends on the input from the Scheldt and the seasonal variations of phytoplanktonic biomass. During winter, the plume of the river Scheldt is oversaturated in pCO₂ with respect to the atmosphere. During spring and summer, phytoplankton blooms occur both in the lower Scheldt estuary and in the river plume and may lead to undersaturation of pCO₂ in the easternmost area of the river plume. However, the degradation of phytoplankton induces oversaturation of pCO₂, in the westernmost area of the plume. Furthermore, the inter-annual variation of pCO₂ depends partly on the fluctuations of the discharge of the Scheldt. Our preliminary results strongly suggest that, on an annual basis, the Scheldt plume behaves as a net source of CO₂ to the atmosphere.     

大型活动散场交通流的时空消散规律

研究了大型活动散场时观众离开活动场所的客流规律,并在此基础上根据观众步行速度概率分布,确定了观众到达停车场的流量分布规律;结合停车场的空间分布和活动场所周边道路交通条件,得出活动场所周边道路各路段散场时段的交通流随时间变化的规律,从而建立了大型活动交通流时空消散模型;另外,结合某大型活动散场时段交通流调查结果,对该模型进行了应用示例和精度检验。结果表明:该模型预测结果的误差非常小,可为大型活动的交通组织管理方案的制定提供依据。     

Temporal and spatial variation in allocating annual traffic activity across an urban region and implications for air quality assessments

Patterns of traffic activity, including changes in the volume and speed of vehicles, vary over time and across urban areas and can substantially affect vehicle emissions of air pollutants. Time-resolved activity at the street scale typically is derived using temporal allocation factors (TAFs) that allow the development of emissions inventories needed to predict concentrations of traffic-related air pollutants. This study examines the spatial and temporal variation of TAFs, and characterizes prediction errors resulting from their use. Methods are presented to estimate TAFs and their spatial and temporal variability and used to analyze total, commercial and non-commercial traffic in the Detroit, Michigan, U.S. metropolitan area. The variability of total volume estimates, quantified by the coefficient of variation (COV) representing the percentage departure from expected hourly volume, was 21%, 33%, 24% and 33% for weekdays, Saturdays, Sundays and holidays, respectively. Prediction errors mostly resulted from hour-to-hour variability on weekdays and Saturdays, and from day-to-day variability on Sundays and holidays. Spatial variability was limited across the study roads, most of which were large freeways. Commercial traffic had different temporal patterns and greater variability than non-commercial vehicle traffic, e.g., the weekday variability of hourly commercial volume was 28%. The results indicate that TAFs for a metropolitan region can provide reasonably accurate estimates of hourly vehicle volume on major roads. While vehicle volume is only one of many factors that govern on-road emission rates, air quality analyses would be strengthened by incorporating information regarding the uncertainty and variability of traffic activity.     

东中国海波浪分布特征研究

以美国国家环境预报中心(NCEP)再分析气象资料作为驱动风场条件,运用第三代海浪模式WAM的第四版本(WAMC4)在西北太平洋海域建立二级嵌套波浪模型,利用连云港、冷家沙现场观测波浪资料对模型进行了验证,检验了该模型在东中国海波浪研究中的适用性针对东中国海进行了连续60年(1950—2909)的波浪后报模拟,在此基础上开展了东中国海波浪时空分布特征研究.结果表明:四季的平均有效波高等值线与岸线形状基本保持一致,且由南向北逐渐递减;有效波高分布的季节差异显著,冬季浪高最大,其次为秋季,春季、夏季最小。通过对比分析平均波浪要素和5%累积频率波浪要素的定量关系发现,在渤海范围内,5%累积频率有效波高与平均有效波高之比约为2.75,黄海与东海大部该比值则分别约为2.50和2.35,而5%累积频率平均周期与平均周期的比值在整个东中国海范围内约为1.45。     

山区河流泥石流灾害防治技术研究

为改善通航条件、提高航道等级,对山区河流泥石流灾害防治技术进行了研究.根据形成机理、运动规律、成灾机制、岸坡的地形地貌特点,把山区河流型泥石流分为坡面流和沟谷流;基于土质结构原理与岩土稳定理论,提出了修复植被、规范人类行为与截流排水、拦粗排细、转向导流等工程防治技术相结合的山区河流泥石流灾害的综合防治技术.结果表明,该...     

电沉积Ni-S、Ni-Co-S合金析氢阴极的研究

在电沉积法制备Ni-S合金电极的基础上,向镀液中添加硫酸钴制备了Ni-Co-S合金电极。电化学测试结果表明,Ni-Co-S合金电极和Ni-S合金电极的催化性能都要好于其它电极,Ni-Co-S合金电极的性能随着硫酸钴浓度的升高先升高后降低。计算了电极的电极反应动力学参数(包括Tafel斜率b、交换电流密度i0和过电位),解释了Ni-Co-S合金电极和Ni-S合金电极在不同电流密度区活性不同的原因。恒电流电解表明,Ni-Co-S合金电极具有较高的稳定性。电极的微观形貌用SEM进行表征,成份用能谱进行分析,X射线衍射分析电极的晶型结构。     

Estimating a model of dynamic activity generation based on one-day observations: Method and results

In this paper we develop and explore an approach to estimate dynamic models of activity generation on one-day travel-diary data. Dynamic models predict multi-day activity patterns of individuals taking into account dynamic needs as well as day-varying preferences and time-budgets. We formulate an ordered-logit model of dynamic activity-agenda-formation decisions and show how one-day observation probabilities can be derived from the model as a function of the model’s parameters and, with that, how parameters can be estimated using standard loglikelihood estimation. A scale parameter cannot be identified because information on within-person variability is lacking in one-day data. An application of the method to data from a national travel survey illustrates the method. A test on simulated data indicates that, given a pre-set scale, the parameters can be identified and that estimates are robust for a source of heterogeneity not captured in the model. This result indicates that dynamic activity-based models of the kind considered here can be estimated from data that are less costly to collect and that support the large sample sizes typically required for travel-demand modeling. We conclude therefore that the proposed approach opens up a way to develop large-scale dynamic activity-based models of travel demand.     

基于动态控制的船舶制造成本反馈系统

成本失控是制约船舶企业竞争力的关键因素.为实现成本的动态控制,要求成本反馈系统能够及时、经济地提供准确的产品成本信息.为适应船舶制造成本反馈的特殊需求,对作业成本法进行了三点改进:统一了直接成本和间接成本处理方式、以广义工作中心进行成本归集和分配、合并了成本动因.算例表明改进的作业成本法计算出的产品成本准确性介于传统的成本核算方法和作业成本法之间,且贴近作业成本法.